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DVD cover[1]
Directed by	David A. Prior
Produced by	David Winters
Written by	David A. Prior
Starring	David Keith Robert Hays Pamela Anderson
Music by	Lennie Moore William T. Stromberg
Cinematography	Carlos González
Editing by	Tony Malanowski
Release date(s)	1994
Running time	95 min
Country	United States
Language	English

Raw Justice also known as Good Cop, Bad Cop or Strip Girl is a 1994 film starring Stacy Keach, David Keith, Airplane! star Robert Hays and Pamela Anderson.^[1]

Plot summary

New Orleans journalist Donna Stiles (April Bogenschutz) is in her home one night, preparing to take a shower, when a man sneaks into her home and kills her.

Donna’s father, mayor David Stiles (Charles Napier), calls on Donna’s former fiancee, cop-turned-bounty hunter Mace (David Keith), to stop chasing bail-jumpers and bring in the killer. Mitch McCallum (Robert Hays), who once dated Donna, with disastrous results, and is now accused of the murder, insists that he is innocent.

Mace has an uneasy relationship with the regular police force, especially Detective Atkins (Leo Rossi). Mace tackles his mission wholeheartedly until Mitch is nearly killed by a bomb planted in his home. Mace and Mitch are ambushed and pursued; they barely escape, accompanied by Sarah (Pamela Anderson), a hooker who witnessed the attacks and must go into hiding with Mace and Mitch.

Mace threatens Bernie (Bernard Hocke), a bail bondsman, with a baseball bat to find out who posted Mitch’s bond and wanted him killed out on the street. After Mace leaves Bernie’s office, Atkins uses the same bat to beat Bernie to death, setting Mace up to be blamed for Bernie’s death.

Later, Mitch saves Mace from a gunman in his hotel room. Mace figures out that Mitch has been framed by Deputy Mayor Bob Jenkins (Stacy Keach), who had Donna killed so he could steal a disc from her computer, fill it with false accusations of incest, then use the disc to blackmail Mayor Stiles into refusing to run for office again, because Jenkins is tired of playing second fiddle to Mayor Stiles. Atkins has been working for Jenkins.

Jenkins admits to Mayor Stiles that Jenkins is the mastermind behind Donna’s murder as Atkins pursues Mace, Mitch and Sarah across the bayou, finally cornering them in a clip joint, where Mace uses a giant dart to kill Atkins. Jenkins takes Stiles hostage and demands safe passage out of the city.

Jenkins shoots Mayor Stiles in the shoulder, and a helicopter arrives for Jenkins, who releases Mayor Stiles and gets on the helicopter. Disguising himself as Jenkins’s pilot, Mace parachutes to safety just before the helicopter slams into a skyscraper, causing an explosion that kills Jenkins.

Critical Attention

Raw Justice received the Bronze Award at the Worldfest-Charleston in the category for dramatic theatrical films. It won under the title Good Cop, Bad Cop. Critics seemed to focus on Anderson and her then current role on syndicated Baywatch. Specifically how steamy the love scenes were in the film, noting that had Baywatch been a network show, she probably would have heard from the network management.^[2] The notable cast was the focus of other reviewers. Many found it boring. Notable excerpts of the love scenes were made available online.

Theatrical Feature Film Bronze Award
[[April 16-25, 2009]]
1993 Winner Good Cop, Bad Cop
Awarded for	Dramatic
Presented by	Charleston – Worldfest
Country	USA
Location	Charleston, SC
First awarded	1961
Last awarded	2008
Official Website

Primary Cast

• David Keith as Mace
• Robert Hays as Mitch McCallum
• Pamela Anderson as Sarah
• Leo Rossi as Detective David Atkins
• Charles Napier as Mayor David Stiles
• Stacy Keach as Deputy Mayor Bob Jenkins
• Javi Mulero as Detective Gordo Garcia
• Bernard Hocke as Bernie
• April Bogenschutz as Donna Stiles
• Marshall Russell as Sonny
• Jeanette Kontomitras as Blaze
• Larry McKinley as Desk Sergeant
• Hal Jeansonne as Bartender Joe
• David Veca as Thug #1

External links

• Raw Justice at the Internet Movie Database
• Raw Justice at Rotten Tomatoes

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} [1] Overview on New York Times Website
2. ^ Kenny, Glenn By Entertainment Weekly Posted Aug 19, 1994

Basic Instinct på wiki:

US movie poster of Basic Instinct
Directed by	Paul Verhoeven
Produced by	Mario Kassar Alan Marshall
Written by	Joe Eszterhas
Starring	Michael Douglas Sharon Stone George Dzundza Jeanne Tripplehorn Jack McGee
Music by	Jerry Goldsmith
Cinematography	Jan de Bont
Editing by	Frank J. Urioste
Distributed by	TriStar Pictures
Release date(s)	United States: March 20, 1992 United Kingdom: May 8, 1992 Australia: May 14, 1992
Running time	Theatrical cut 123 min. Director’s Cut 129 min.
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$49,000,000 (estimated)
Gross revenue	$352,927,224 (worldwide)[1]
Followed by	Basic Instinct 2

Basic Instinct (1992) is an American erotic thriller/neo-noir film, directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Joe Eszterhas, starring Sharon Stone, Michael Douglas, Jeanne Tripplehorn, Leilani Sarelle and George Dzundza.

The film centers around police detective Nick Curran (Douglas), who is put in charge of the investigation of a brutal murder of a wealthy former singer. Beautiful, seductive and wealthy writer Catherine Tramell (Stone) could be involved; over the course of the investigation, Detective Curran becomes involved in a torrid and intense relationship with the mysterious woman — who turns out to be very dangerous.

Controversy surrounded Basic Instinct before it was even released. Gay rights activists strongly criticized the film and its depiction of homosexual relationships, especially the depiction of lesbian and bisexual women as psychopathic serial killers.^[2]

Despite, or perhaps because of, its controversy, Basic Instinct was a major hit and became one of the most successful box office performers of 1992, collecting nearly $353 million worldwide and becoming one of the most iconic films of the 1990s.^[3] While receiving major commercial attention, it was also critically commended,^[4] receiving two Academy Award and two Golden Globe nominations—Jerry Goldsmith, the composer, was nominated for both awards for his original score, while Frank Urioste was nominated for an Academy Award for his editing and Sharon Stone was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actress. In 2006, a sequel was released, which was critically panned and a commercial flop. Multiple versions of the film have been released including a director’s cut, the most recent release being in 2006.

Plot

When a wealthy former rock star named Johnny Boz is brutally stabbed to death with an ice pick while having sex with a blonde woman, Detective Nick Curran (Michael Douglas) is sent to investigate. The only suspect they have is Catherine Tramell (Sharon Stone), a crime novelist last seen with Boz on the night he died.

Nick and his partner, Gus Moran (George Dzundza), visit a Pacific Heights mansion, but there they find only Tramell’s lesbian lover, Roxy, at home. Roxy sends them to Tramell’s Stinson Beach beach house, where they find her on a deckchair by the ocean. They ask about her dating relationship with Boz, and she replies, “I wasn’t dating him, I was fucking him.” She shows very little remorse at hearing he is dead. (Curran: “Are you sorry he’s dead?” Tramell: “Yeah, I liked fucking him.”)

A moment from the film’s interrogation scene, featuring Sharon Stone as Catherine Tramell.

Nick and Gus, along with their superiors, discover that Catherine Tramell has written a novel about a former rock star who was killed in the exact same way—tied to the bed with a white scarf and murdered with an ice pick. Catherine goes to police headquarters for questioning. During the interview, she engages in provocative behavior, refusing to extinguish her cigarette (“What are you going to do, charge me with smoking?”) and at one point uncrosses her legs, revealing she isn’t wearing underwear under her short skirt.

Later that night Nick goes to a bar with several of his co-workers and gets into a heated argument with Officer Nilsen (Daniel von Bargen), an Internal Affairs officer who has been a major source of problems for Nick throughout his career. Police psychologist Beth Garner (Jeanne Tripplehorn) then arrives and she and Nick leave together. At Beth’s apartment, the two engage in violent sex.

Nick learns that Catherine’s parents were killed in a boat explosion when she was an adolescent, leaving her with an inheritance of $110 million. He also discovers that Catherine makes a habit out of befriending vicious murderers, such as a woman who stabbed her husband and children to death for no apparent reason.

On a visit to Catherine’s house, the detective discovers that she knows things about him that should be strictly confidential. When Nick confronts Beth about this (because she is the only person with access to that private information), she reluctantly admits that, because Nilsen perceived that she was biased in favor of Nick, she decided to give Nick’s file to Nilsen in order to allow him and other IA investigators to evaluate Nick directly (IA was seriously considering discharging Nick from the police force). Upon learning this information, Nick assaults Nilsen in his office, accusing him of having sold his psychological profile to Catherine Tramell. Nilsen screams back, “You are out!”

Later, Officer Nilsen is found dead in his car with a single gunshot to the head. Most of the department detectives consider Nick to be the prime suspect, due to his recent altercation with Nilsen. A torrid sexual affair then begins between Nick and Catherine Tramell, with an initial air of a cat-and-mouse game. Roxy, Catherine’s jealous female lover, attempts to kill Nick by running him over with Catherine’s car, but she ends up being killed in a car accident while being chased by Nick.

Nick, now on forced leave from the police department, continues to investigate on his own and discovers several facts that make Catherine seem more and more like the killer. However, he also uncovers facts at a hospital in Salinas, Calif., about Beth’s deceased husband, Dr. Joseph Garner, who was shot to death with an unrecovered .38 revolver (the same weapon used to murder Nilsen) several years earlier and that the case had no leads and still remains unsolved. Also, it turns out Catherine and Beth had a sexual encounter while in college and each accuses the other of being obsessed with her. In addition, Nick learns that a psychology professor was murdered with an ice pick while both of the women were attending college and majoring in psychology.

Nick’s partner, Gus, is lured to a building and murdered by someone wearing a hood, in the same way described in Catherine’s new book. Nick, who was left waiting in the car, figures out there is trouble brewing and runs into the building but arrives too late to help his partner. Hearing the floor creak, Nick grabs Gus’ gun and turns to find Beth standing in the hallway. She claims she received a message to meet Gus there. However, Nick believes she murdered his partner and suspects she has a weapon in her jacket pocket. When she refuses to remove her hand from her pocket quickly enough, he fatally shoots her. With her final breath, she tells Nick that she loves him. When he checks her pocket, he discovers that she had only her keys in her hand. In the stairway, the detectives find a blond wig, a raincoat with “SFPD” on it and an icepick, the weapon used to murder Gus. To most detectives, it appears that Beth ditched the items when she heard Nick coming up the stairs. A subsequent examination of Beth’s apartment supplies the incriminating evidence needed to brand her as the killer of Boz, Gus and presumably her husband (a .38 revolver, photos of the victims and of Catherine, an ice pick and Catherine’s novels).

In the final scene of the film, Catherine and Nick make love. The conversation soon turns towards their possible future as a couple, which Nick summarizes as “fuck like minks” and the two having children (“rugrats”). While talking, Nick turns his back on Catherine as she slowly reaches for something underneath the bed. She tells him she hates rugrats. Catherine stops when Nick turns around and summarizes their future together as simply “fucking like minks.” The two resume making love, as the camera slowly pans down to show the underside of the bed, an ice pick can be seen lying on the floor.

Production

The screenplay, written sometime in the 1980s, was popular enough to prompt a bidding war; it was eventually purchased by Carolco, for a reported USD$3 million.^[5][6] Joe Eszterhas, who wrote the film in 13 days,^[7] and who had been the creative source for several other blockbusters, including Flashdance (1983) and Jagged Edge (1987), was replaced by Gary Goldman as the writer; as Eszterhas and producer Irwin Winkler walked off the picture after failing to reach agreement with Verhoeven over how the film should be tackled. Verhoeven promptly hired Total Recall (1990) writer Goldman to come up with some new scenes, most of which butched up Douglas’s character and made him less weak and self-destructive as a person.^[8] These changes were largely made at the behest of Michael Douglas.^[8] It was during this stage that Verhoeven realized his changes weren’t going to work so he had to publicly make up with Eszterhas. Problems recurred later when Eszterhas wanted to make more changes to appease the gay and lesbian communities. Verhoeven point-blank refused to incorporate these changes. However, after 5 months of rewrites, Verhoeven went back to the original script. Original drafts included the concept of the love scene between Nick and Catherine in Catherine’s apartment. The scene would have been even longer and more explicit than the version finally shot and included in the movie.^[9] The stars and director thought the sexual acrobatics were too long and overtly extreme to be believed and the scene was scaled back to the existing version.

The initial production title Love Hurts was quickly changed to Basic Instinct, but was later re-used as the name of Tramell’s murder novel.^{[citation needed]} Tri-Star Pictures, which had the United States distribution deal with Carolco at that time, played that role for Basic Instinct. Warner Brothers Pictures acquired help during the production, including building the Johnny Boz Club.^[8] Adjusted for inflation, the budget of the film was an estimated USD$49,000,000.^[10]

Douglas took the role after several actors, including Peter Weller, turned it down.^{[citation needed]} In preparation for the car chase scene, Douglas reportedly drove up the steps on Kearny Street in San Francisco for four nights by himself. When residents complained, $25,000 was donated to their community center.^{[citation needed]} Douglas recommended Kim Basinger for the role of Catherine Tramell, but Basinger declined. Greta Scacchi^[11] and Meg Ryan^[12] also turned down the role, as did Michelle Pfeiffer, Geena Davis, Ellen Barkin, and Mariel Hemingway.^[5] Verhoeven considered Demi Moore.^[13] Stone was a relative unknown until the success of this movie; she was paid a minimal amount of $500,000 for her role as Catherine Tramell, considering the film’s extensive production budget. Stone was later paid $13.6 million for Basic Instinct 2, in 2006.^{[citation needed]} Stone was cast by Verhoeven because he was extremely fond of her performance in his Total Recall^{[citation needed]}, a film in which Stone played a manipulative, sexually provocative character, not dissimilar to Tramell.

Filming commenced on April 5, 1991 and concluded on September 10, 1991.^[10] Filming in San Francisco was attended by demonstrations by gay and lesbian rights activists,^[14] and San Francisco Police Department riot police had to be present at every location every day to deal exclusively with the crowd. See Portrayal of homosexuals below.

In addition, Verhoeven initially fought during the production and filming for a lesbian love scene to be added to the script over the objection of Eszterhas, who thought such a scene would be far too gratuitous. Verhoeven eventually agreed with Eszterhas and apologized to him for forcing the issue. Following the success of Basic Instinct, Ezsterhas and Verhoeven went on to collaborate on Showgirls.

MPAA rating

Basic Instinct is rated R for strong violence and sensuality, and for drug use and language. It was initially given an NC-17 rating by the MPAA, but under pressure from Tri-Star, Verhoeven cut 35 to 40 seconds to gain an R rating.^[5] Verhoeven described the changes in a March 1992 article in The New York Times:

Actually, I didn’t have to cut many things, but I replaced things from different angles, made it a little more elliptical, a bit less direct.^[5]

The film was subsequently re-released in its uncut format on video and later on DVD.

Portrayal of homosexuals and bisexuals

The film generated controversy due to its overt sexuality and graphic depiction of violence. During principal photography the film was protested by gay rights activists who felt that the film followed a pattern of negative depiction of gay and lesbian people in the film industry. An April 29, 1991 Los Angeles Times article documents activists’ protests,^[15] and the book Family Values: Two Moms and Their Son by Phyllis Burke (New York: Random House, 1993. ISBN 0-679-42188-2) covers the protests over several chapters. Members of the lesbian and bisexual activist group LABIA protested against the film on its opening night. The group GLAAD released a statement protesting the film’s stereotypical and homophobic portrayal of gays and lesbians.

Basic Instinct also received criticism from those who feel it portrays bisexuals as insatiable, untrustworthy, and homicidal (in the film, Tramell is an openly bisexual woman). Outspoken bisexual writer Camille Paglia, however, has not only defended Basic Instinct, but called it her “favorite film”, even providing an audio commentary track on the various special edition DVD releases of Basic Instinct.

Critical reception

The film was entered into the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.^[16]

The film’s critical reaction was widely mixed. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 60%, the minimum score to be considered “fresh”. Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film, saying “Basic Instinct transfers Mr. Verhoeven’s flair for action-oriented material to the realm of Hitchcockian intrigue, and the results are viscerally effective even when they don’t make sense”.^[17] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone Magazine also praised the film, saying it was a guilty pleasure film, he also expressed admiration for Verhoeven’s direction, saying “his [Paul Verhoven] cinematic wet dream delivers the goods, especially when Sharon Stone struts on with enough come-on carnality to singe the screen”, and praised Stone’s performance: “Stone, a former model, is a knockout; she even got a rise out of Ah-nold in Verhoeven’s Total Recall. But being the bright spot in too many dull movies (He Said, She Said; Irreconcilable Differences) stalled her career. Though Basic Instinct establishes Stone as a bombshell for the Nineties, it also shows she can nail a laugh or shade an emotion with equal aplomb”.^[18]

The film was not without its detractors; Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times dismissed the film: giving it two out of four stars, stating that the film is well crafted, yet dies down in the last half hour: “The film is like a crossword puzzle. It keeps your interest until you solve it, by the ending. Then it’s just a worthless scrap with the spaces filled in”.^[19] The international critical reception was favorable, with Australian critic Shannon J. Harvey of the Sunday Times calling it one of the “1990s finest productions, doing more for female empowerment than any feminist rally. Stone – in her star-making performance – is as hot and sexy as she is ice-pick cold”.^[4]

The film was nominated for two Academy Awards and two Golden Globes. Jerry Goldsmith, the composer, was nominated for both awards for his original score. Frank Urioste was nominated for an Academy Award for film editing and Sharon Stone was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actress, for her performance as Tramell. It was also nominated for three Razzie Awards including Worst Actor (Michael Douglas), Worst Supporting Actress (Jeanne Tripplehorn) and Worst New Star (Sharon Stone’s tribute to Theodore Cleaver).

Box office performance

Basic Instinct opened in theatres in the United States and was one of the highest grossing films of 1992, after its March 29 release. In its opening week, the film grossed $15 million. It was the ninth highest-grossing film of 1992, adjusted for inflation, it grossed $352,927,224 worldwide.

Releases and versions

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009)

Following the theatrical version, the film was first released in its uncut format onto video in 1992, running at 129 minutes. This was followed by a DVD release in 1997, in a bare-bones format. A “Collector’s Edition” setup was released on DVD in 2001, containing the Special Edition of the DVD and an ice-pick pen (the villain’s weapon of choice). This version of the film, running 127 minutes, was re-released twice: in 2003 and 2006.^{[verification needed]}

In March of 2006 an unrated director’s cut version was released on DVD and labeled “Ultimate Edition.” In 2007, the film was released in Blu-Ray and HD DVD format with the “Director’s Cut” label as well. All three of these director’s cut versions have a stated run time of 128 minutes.

The film was cut by 35–40 seconds to avoid an NC-17 rating on its theatrical release in 1992,^[5] with some violence and sexuality explicit content removed. The missing or censored material (later released on video and DVD as the directors cut) included:

• The murder of Johnny Boz in the opening scene. Instead, we see the killer stabbing him in his neck, stabbing him repeatedly in the chest, in the face and we see the icepick passing through his nose.
• The scene where Nick almost rapes Beth is severely cut in the US theatrical version (we see him ripping off her underwear and forcing her over the couch, then there’s a cut to the two of them lying on the floor). In the uncut version Nick pulls down his pants, exposing his rear, penetrates Beth from behind as she reaches orgasm.
• The scene where Nick and Catherine make love after going to the club is longer and much more explicit in the uncut version (Nick is seen burying his face between her legs).
• The death of Nick’s partner, Gus, in the elevator is more graphic. The US version omits shots of Gus being repeatedly stabbed in the neck with blood and gore flying at the camera.

Soundtrack

Apart from the film score – professionally released music did not play a major part in Basic Instinct. The prominent music scene occurs during the club scene; Curran, Tramell and Roxy are seen at in Downtown San Francisco. It features Blue by Chicago singer LaTour and Rave the Rhythm performed by the group Channel X. It also features Movin’ On Up by Jeff Barry and Janet DuBois. The soundtrack also contains excerpts of dialogue, including the interrogation scene.

The soundtrack was released on March 17, 1992. A 2 disc version of Jerry Goldsmith’s score, featuring previously omitted sections and alternative compositions of certain elements, was given a limited release years later.

Track listing

1. “Main Title” 2:13
2. “Crossed Legs” 4:49
3. “Night Life” 6:03
4. “Kitchen Help” 3:58
5. “Pillow Talk” 4:59
6. “Morning After” 2:29
7. “The Games Are Over” 5:53
8. “Catherine’s Sorrow” 2:41
9. “Roxy Loses” 3:37
10. “Unending Story / End Credits” 9:23

See also

• Fatal Instinct
• Basic Instinct 2

References

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Penélope Cruz
Penélope Cruz in 2008
Born	Penélope Cruz Sánchez April 28, 1974 (1974-04-28) (age 35) Alcobendas, Community of Madrid, Spain
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1990–present

Penélope Cruz Sánchez (born April 28, 1974), better known as Penélope Cruz, is a Spanish actress. She gathered critical acclaim as a young actress for films such as Jamón, Jamón, La Niña de tus ojos, and Belle époque. She has also starred in several American films such as Blow, Vanilla Sky, and Vicky Cristina Barcelona. She is perhaps best known for her work with acclaimed Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar, in Broken Embraces, Volver and All About My Mother.

Cruz has been awarded three Goyas, two European Film Awards, and the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2009, she won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, a Goya, and a BAFTA for her role in Vicky Cristina Barcelona. She is Spain’s first female Oscar winner and also becomes the sixth Hispanic person to win an Oscar after José Ferrer, Rita Moreno, Benicio Del Toro (Puerto Rico), Anthony Quinn (Mexico), and fellow Spaniard Javier Bardem.^[1][2]

Early life

Penélope Cruz Sánchez was born in Alcobendas, Community of Madrid, Spain, the daughter of Encarna Sánchez, a hairdresser and personal manager, and Eduardo Cruz, a retailer and auto mechanic.^[3][4] As a toddler, she was already a compulsive performer, re-enacting TV commercials for her family’s amusement. Initially, Cruz decided to focus on dance. After studying classical ballet for nine years at Spain’s National Conservatory, she continued her training under a series of prominent dancers. She received three years of Spanish Ballet training with Ángela Garrido. She also had jazz dance training with Raúl Caballero and studied at Cristina Rota (mother of Juan Diego Botto) school in Madrid. At 15, however, she followed another calling after beating more than 300 other girls at a talent agency audition.

Career

Cruz first achieved fame when she appeared in the video for “La fuerza del destino” for the Spanish synthpop group Mecano. She later started a relationship with Nacho Cano, a member of the group.^[5] A TV presenter for the teen-oriented program La Quinta Marcha,^[4] she also had early exposure in Série Rose, an erotic French TV serial.^[6] In one episode she played the role of a blind prostitute and in another played a young noblewoman pretending to be a young nobleman in a comedy of errors. She also directed Nacho Cano’s video of “El waltz de los locos”, in 1994.

Cruz’s first major films were Jamón, jamón and Belle Époque, a film which won an Academy Award for Foreign Language Film. In 1997, she starred as Sofía Pangia, alongside Eduardo Noriega, in Open Your Eyes, directed by Alejandro Amenábar, while in 1999 she appeared in Pedro Almodóvar’s All About My Mother, which also won an Academy Award for Foreign Language Film. In 2000 she appeared with Matt Damon in All the Pretty Horses.

For Cruz, the early 2000s were a period of mediocre reviews and mixed commercial success. In late 2001, she appeared in the film Vanilla Sky, the Hollywood remake of Open Your Eyes. Returning to Europe, in 2004, Cruz learned Italian (she already spoke Spanish, French, and English) to star in the film Don’t Move. She earned critical praise for her role and earned the coveted David di Donatello award, the Italian equivalent of the Oscar.

In 2006, she co-starred with Salma Hayek in the film Bandidas.^[7] That same year, Cruz received highly favourable reviews for her performance in Pedro Almodóvar’s Volver. She shared a Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival with five of her co-stars, and was nominated for the Golden Globe, the Screen Actors Guild Award, the BAFTA Award, and the Academy Award for Best Actress in a leading role. The latter of these nominations made her the first Spanish actress to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.^[8]

Cruz at the 81st Academy Awards. She won her first Oscar later that night.

In May 2007, it was announced that Penélope and her sister Mónica would be designing a 25-piece collection for the Barcelona-based fashion chain Mango.^[9] On July 7, 2007, Cruz presented at Live Earth. In late 2007, she starred in the Jaume de Laiguana-directed video for her brother’s first single, named “Cosas que contar”, along with her friend Mía Maestro and her sister Mónica. Cruz had previously shown a keen interest in fashion and is a model for L’Oréal and its “Telescopic” mascara.

In 2008, Cruz appeared with Sir Ben Kingsley in fellow Spaniard Isabel Coixet’s film Elegy, earning her critical praise for an English-speaking role. The film was based on the Philip Roth story The Dying Animal. She was nominated for a Golden Satellite award for her performance. Later that year, she starred in Woody Allen’s Vicky Cristina Barcelona as María Elena, Javier Bardem’s mentally unstable ex-wife. Her performance received wide critical praise. For the role, Cruz received her second Academy Award Nomination, and later won for Best Supporting Actress,^[10] making her only the second Spanish actor to win an Academy Award, a year after her boyfriend, Javier Bardem, won for No Country for Old Men. She became the first Spanish actress to win an Academy Award, and one of the only actors besides Robert De Niro and Ingrid Bergman to win the Oscar for a role speaking two different languages. Besides the Oscar, Cruz won the BAFTA, the Independent Spirit Award, the National Board of Review Award, and the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress in Vicky Cristina Barcelona. She also earned Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild nominations for her role.

Cruz again collaborated with Pedro Almodóvar in his film Los Abrazos Rotos, which is slated to be released in the U.S. in November 2009. She will also be featured in the film version of the musical Nine along with other Oscar winners Sophia Loren, Judi Dench, Daniel Day-Lewis, Nicole Kidman and Marion Cotillard.

Personal life

Cruz has a younger brother, Eduardo, a singer, and a younger sister, Mónica.

Cruz claims to have been a vegetarian since 2000.^[11] She speaks four languages: Spanish, Italian, French and English. Cruz has also donated a considerable amount of money and time to charity; in 1997 she volunteered in Uganda for two months.

Cruz was raised as a Roman Catholic, but the religion she feels closest to is Buddhism.^[12] After appearing in Vanilla Sky with Tom Cruise, they had a three-year relationship which ended in January 2004. During that time, she and Cruise were seen visiting several Church of Scientology locations in Hollywood, and there was published speculation that Cruise had convinced Cruz to join the church.^[13]

After filming Sahara in February 2005, she began dating actor Matthew McConaughey. In May 2006, they released a joint statement to People, saying that they “have decided to take time off as a couple.” Later that year they announced that they were “no longer intimate and separating was the best thing to do at this time”.^[14] She has been dating actor Javier Bardem since 2007; the two appeared together in Jamón, Jamón, Live Flesh and 2008’s Vicky Cristina Barcelona.^[15]

In April 2007 Cruz, who was single at the time, stated that she would like to have children one day and she feels the need to adopt. “Of course I want to have kids,” Cruz, told the Spanish edition of Marie Claire in its April issue. “I want to have my own kids, but also adopt. For a while I’ve had the feeling that my life won’t be complete if I don’t adopt”.^[16]

Filmography

Other awards and nominations

At the 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Blockbuster Entertainment Awards

• 2000 Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Actress – Drama/Romance for: All the Pretty Horses (2000)

Imagen Foundation Awards

• 2003 Creative Achievement Award

MTV Movie Awards

• 2001 Nominated MTV Movie Award Breakthrough Female Performance for: Blow (2001)

NAACP Image Awards

• 2006 Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for: Volver (2006)

Ondas Awards

• 1992 Won Ondas Film Award Best Acting (Mejor Interpretación) tied with Javier Bardem (no award category given officially).

Peñíscola Comedy Film Festival

• 1994 Won Best Actress for: Todo es mentira (1994)

See also

• List of Spanish Academy Award winners and nominees
• Lists of Hispanic Academy Award winners and nominees by country

References

1. ^ Hollywood loves foreigners, so long as they’re not the stars
2. ^ Penelope Cruz: Hollywood learns a new film language
3. ^ Penelope Cruz Biography (1974-)
4. ^ ^{a b} “Yahoo Corazon!” (in Spanish). http://es.celebrities.yahoo.com/famosos/P/penelope-cruz.html. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
5. ^ “Terra.com entry” (in Spanish). http://www.terra.com/entretenimiento/penelopecruz/. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
6. ^ “IMDb entry – “Série rose” (1986)“. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0131187/epcast. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
7. ^ “Cruz on Hayek: Like Sisters! Not Lovers“. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/09/people/main2344497.shtml. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
8. ^ “ElPais.com – De un vídeoclip a la carrera de los Oscars” (in Spanish). http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/videoclip/carrera/Oscars/elpepucul/20070123elpepucul_2/Tes. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
9. ^ “Mango spain, fashion, collection, newspage“. http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/news/mango.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
10. ^ « Penélope Cruz nominated for Vicky Cristina Barcelona », peoplestar.co.uk, Retrieved on 2009-01-24.
11. ^ “International Vegetarian Union entry“. http://www.ivu.org/people/actors/cruz.html.
12. ^ Galloway, Stephen (December 2000). “Penelope Cruz“. Interview. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1285/is_12_30/ai_67939791/?tag=content;col1. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
13. ^ “Cruise Controlled”, Hispanic 14 (12): 18
14. ^ “Matthew McConaughey & Penelope Cruz Are ‘Separating’ – AOL“. http://people.aol.com/people/articles/0,19736,1200409,00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
15. ^ “Spain’s hottest stars back together for Woody Allen’s Europe venture“. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spains-hottest-stars-back-together-for-woody-allens-europe-venture-437527.html. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
16. ^ Penelope Cruz says she wants to adopt
17. ^ Chris Morran (2009-10-13). “Penélope, Miley & Liza All in for SATC 2“. OKMagazine.com. http://www.okmagazine.com/2009/10/penelope-miley-liza-all-in-for-satc-2/#more-722012. Retrieved 2009-10-13.

Mira Craig
Mira Craig performing “Boogeyman” at Tusenfryd amusement park for employers of StatoilHydro, 22. August 2007.
Background information
Birth name	Mira Scherdin Craig
Also known as	Mira
Born	July 31, 1982 (1982-07-31) (age 26)
Origin	Oslo, Norway
Genre(s)	Rock/Country
Occupation(s)	Singer, Songwriter
Instrument(s)	Singing, Composing
Years active	2006–present
Label(s)	SonyBMG
Website	www.miracraig.com

Mira Scherdin Craig (born July 31, 1982 in Oslo) is a Norwegian-American R&B artist. Her father is an African American from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.

Craig is a DIY musician who writes and produces all her songs and music videos.

At the age of twelve, she performed the Whitney Houston hit song “I wanna dance with somebody” on the Norwegian youth TV show “Midt I Smørøyet.” Producers were so impressed that they hired her on the spot to host the show.

At age 15 she started writing her own songs, and at 17 she sang backing vocals for Noora Noor.

In 2000, Mira made headlines at “Quartfestivalen“, a Norwegian music festival, when Wyclef Jean pulled her up on stage. American rap artist Snoop Dogg also took interest in her in 2005 at the same festival, and has since used one of her songs on his compilation, Welcome to tha Chuuch: Da Album.

On January 21st, 2006, Craig won the Newcomer of The Year award at “Alarm-prisen,” a Norwegian music awards show.

Also in 2006, reader’s of Norwegian publication Mann Magazine voted Mira “Female of the Year”.

While opening for the Fugees in 2007, After attempting to stage dive, Craig fell down as there were no fans willing to catch her. A concert attendee with a cell phone camera soon put the whole event on popular video website YouTube. In this video, the thud of Craig landing on the concrete is very audible as is the grunt Craig lets out as her wind was knocked out. She shattered her kneecap in the fall.

In 2008, Craig took part in Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix as composer. She had written the song Hold On Be Strong, which was performed by Maria Haukaas Storeng. The song won the right to represent Norway in Belgrade, and at the Eurovision semi-final on 20 May 2008 it finished 4th out of 19, earning a place in the Eurovision final, which took place on 24 May. The song was number 1 in the Norwegian iTunes chart on the 9th of February , 2008 . The song ended in 5th place in the final with 182 points, and Norway got the highest ranking of the countries in western Europe.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Guest singles

Other collaborations

• Bigg Snoop Dogg Presents…Welcome to tha Chuuch: Da Album

“Sisters N Brothers” – J. Black featuring Mira Craig, Snoop Dogg

“Dinner In Bed” – Mira Craig

• Timbaland Presents Shock Value

“Come and Get Me” (featuring 50 Cent, Tony Yayo and Mira Craig) (Timbaland, co-produced by Danja)

• Hold On Be Strong

“Hold On Be Strong” – Maria Haukaas Storeng (Music and lyrics by Mira Craig)

“Mine All Mine” – Maria Haukaas Storeng ft. Mira Craig

• Fighter Girl promo single

“Fighter Girl” – Mira Craig & Samsaya, featuring Elvira Nikolaisen, Bertine Zetlitz, Elisabeth Carew, Ida Maria, Maria Mena & Sichelle

References

External links

• Official site (under construction)
• MiraCraigFan – Mira Craig Fansite

Seinfeld
Format	Sitcom
Created by	Larry David Jerry Seinfeld
Starring	Jerry Seinfeld Julia Louis-Dreyfus Michael Richards Jason Alexander
Country of origin	United States
No. of seasons	9
No. of episodes	180 (including two-part episodes and clip shows) (List of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)	Larry David (Seasons 1-7) Ben A. Scott Howard West George Shapiro Andrew Scheinman Jerry Seinfeld (Seasons 8-9)
Location(s)	New York City
Running time	21 minutes (syndication), 22 minutes (original)
Production company(s)	Castle Rock Entertainment
Distributor	Columbia Pictures Television (1989-1998) Columbia TriStar Television (1999-2002) Sony Pictures Television (2002-present)
Broadcast
Original channel	NBC
Original run	July 5, 1989 – May 14, 1998
External links
Official website

Seinfeld is an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award-winning American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998, lasting nine seasons, and is now in syndication. Many of its catch phrases have entered into the popular culture lexicon. The show led the Arthur Nielsen Media Research Ratings in its sixth and ninth seasons and finished among the top two (along with NBC’s ER) every year from 1994 to 1998.^[1] In 2002, TV Guide named Seinfeld as the greatest television program of all time.^[2] A 2006 sitcom industry poll conducted by a UK TV show, voted Seinfeld as the highest rated show in TV history. In 2008 Entertainment Weekly ranked Seinfeld as the third best show of the last 25 years, behind The Sopranos and The Simpsons.

The eponymous series was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, with the latter starring as a fictionalized version of himself. Set predominantly in an apartment block on New York City’s Upper West Side (but shot mostly in Los Angeles, California), the show features a host of Jerry’s friends and acquaintances, who include George Costanza, Elaine Benes and Cosmo Kramer. Seinfeld was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment and distributed in association with Columbia Pictures Television and Columbia TriStar Television. Sony Pictures Television has distributed the series since 2002. It was largely co-written by David and Seinfeld with input from numerous script writers, including Larry Charles, Peter Mehlman, Gregg Kavet, Andy Robin, Carol Leifer, David Mandel, Jeff Schaffer, Steve Koren, Jennifer Crittenden, Tom Gammill, Max Pross, Charlie Rubin, Alec Berg, and Spike Feresten.

Overview

Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David pitched Seinfeld as a “show about nothing,” similar to the self-parodying “show within a show” of Season 4 episodes “The Pilot“. Seinfeld stood out from the typical family or coworker-driven TV sitcoms of its time. None of the principal Seinfeld characters were related by blood or worked together. The episodes of most sitcoms^[who?] revolve around a central theme or contrived comic situations, whereas most episodes of Seinfeld focused on minutiae, such as waiting in line at the movies, going out for dinner, buying a suit and, basically, coping with the petty injustices of life. The philosopher Thomas Hibbs has observed that the world view presented in Seinfeld is somewhat consistent with the philosophy of nihilism, the idea that life is pointless.^[3]

Tom’s Restaurant, a diner at 112th St. and Broadway in Manhattan, was used as the exterior image of Monk’s Cafe in the show. Google Street View

Originally, the show began with Jerry Seinfeld performing his stand-up comedy routine set in a comedy night club. The theme of his act is loosely based on the plot of each episode. In early episodes, his stand-up act would bookend an episode, for a while even functioning as cut scenes during the show. By Season 4, the cut scenes in the middle of the episodes became less common and by Season 6 the comedy-act clips that ended the shows also became less common. By Season 8, the stand-up act was cut out entirely as the plots expanded and required more time.^{[citation needed]}

The show’s main characters and many secondary characters were modeled after Seinfeld’s and David’s real-life acquaintances. Other recurring characters were based on well-known, real-life counterparts such as the Soup Nazi (based on Soup Kitchen International manager Al Yeganeh), Jacopo Peterman of the J. Peterman catalogue (nominally based on John Peterman), and George Steinbrenner, the owner of the New York Yankees.

In most Seinfeld episodes, one story thread is presented at the beginning, involving the characters in separate and unrelated situations. Rapid scene-shifts between story lines move the story forward. By Season 4, the episodes ended by having all of the separate story lines converge, often unexpectedly. Despite the separate plot strands, the narratives reveal “consistent efforts to maintain [the] intimacy” between the small cast of characters.^[4]

The show kept a strong sense of continuity—characters and plots from past episodes were frequently referenced or expanded upon. Occasionally, story arcs would span multiple episodes and even entire seasons. Larry David, the show’s head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons, was praised for keeping a close eye on minor details and making sure the main characters’ lives remained consistent and believable. He would later make use of season-long story arcs in his next series, Curb Your Enthusiasm.

The show stood apart from other sitcoms of the time in that the characters are pointedly depicted as failing to learn moral lessons. In effect, the characters are often morally indifferent or callous. It was often said that the mantra of the show’s producers was: “No hugging, no learning.”^[5]

Main characters

• Jerry Seinfeld (Jerry Seinfeld)—Jerry is the show’s central character, a stand-up comedian who is often seen as “the voice of reason” amid all the insanity generated by the people in his world. The character is a slight germophobe and a neat freak, as well as an avid Superman fan. Jerry’s apartment is the center of a world visited by his eccentric friends George, Elaine, and Kramer.^[6] Plot lines often involve Jerry’s romantic relationships. He typically finds small, silly reasons to stop dating women; in one episode, he breaks up with a woman because she eats her peas one at a time; in another, it is because, although a beautiful model, she has overly-large “man hands.”

• George Costanza (Jason Alexander)—George is Jerry’s best friend since High school. He is cheap, dishonest, petty and often jealous of others’ achievements. He is often portrayed as a loser who is insecure about his capabilities. He frequently complains and lies about his profession, relationship, and almost everything else, which usually creates trouble for him later. He often uses an alias (“Art Vandelay”), when lying or assuming a fake identity. George was once succinctly described by Elaine as a “short, stocky, slow-witted, bald man”. Despite these shortcomings, or perhaps because of them, George managed to date numerous women and achieved a successful career as Assistant to the Traveling Secretary for the Yankees. George’s personality shortcomings usually make these successes short-lived. He fantasizes about being an architect and once pretended to be a marine biologist.

• Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus)—Elaine is intelligent and assertive, but superficial. She sometimes has a tendency to be very honest with people, which often gets her into trouble.^[7] She often gets caught up in her boyfriends’ habits, her eccentric employers’ unusual demands, and the unkindness of total strangers. A recurring theme for Elaine is her frustrating inability to find Mr. Right; she also goes through an on/off relationship with David Puddy throughout Season 9. She used to date Jerry, and remains his close friend. One of Elaine’s trademark maneuvers is her forceful shove when she receives good or shocking news while using her catch phrase “Get out!”; Another is her memorable “little kicks“. She is the only woman who is able to get along as one of the boys.

• Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards)—Kramer is Jerry’s “wacky neighbor” and friend. His trademarks include his humorous upright pompadour hairstyle, vintage clothing and his energetic sliding bursts through Jerry’s apartment door. Elaine refers to him as a “hipster doofus.” At times, he acts naive, dense, and almost child-like, yet randomly shows astonishing insight into human behavior. Indeed, his oddities aside, Kramer is often the only main character acting with any sort of apparent conscience, and is typically the only one to lobby for maintaining social decorum in order to appease acquaintances. Though he never seems to have held a ‘real’ job, Kramer’s wacky schemes, among other unknown sources of money, leave him without any apparent financial issues. He often dreams of ridiculous schemes to make money, some of which include a pizza place where “you make your own pie”, a cologne that smells like “the beach”, authoring a coffee table book about coffee tables (for which he appeared on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee), and designing a brassiere for men called the “Bro” (or Manssiere according to Frank Costanza).^[8]

Secondary characters

There are numerous recurring minor characters in Seinfeld. The most prominent are:

• Newman (portrayed by Wayne Knight)—An overweight and despicable, though curiously well-educated, postal worker. He is Kramer’s accomplice and Jerry’s nemesis and is a neighbor of both (Apartment 5E). He goes out of his way to make Jerry’s life miserable. He is usually greeted contemptuously by Jerry with “Hello, Newman” to which he also mostly responds with “Hello, Jerry” in similar fashion. He is typically found plotting against Jerry, eating, and being obnoxious in Jerry’s apartment. Newman has an infatuation with Elaine, who finds him repellent but occasionally exploits his attraction to her. He is the most frequently recurring character, from his first appearance in the show’s third season all the way through the last episode.
• Morty Seinfeld (originally portrayed by Phil Bruns, replaced by Barney Martin) and Helen Seinfeld (portrayed by Liz Sheridan)—They are Jerry’s parents, who live in Florida. Morty is a retired raincoat salesman and famous for obstinately sticking to his convictions; Helen cannot understand why anyone would not like her son. They always feel that Jerry is not making enough money and try to help him out financially. These two characters are based on Jerry Seinfeld’s real-life parents.
• Frank Costanza (originally portrayed by John Randolph, replaced by Jerry Stiller) and Estelle Costanza (portrayed by Estelle Harris)—They are George’s eccentric parents. George usually blames them for his current mental state and failure to succeed in life. They are known for their violent temper, often leading to yelling and constant verbal fights. They make many appearances from season 4 to 9.
• Uncle Leo (portrayed by Len Lesser)—He is Jerry’s uncle and Helen’s brother. He personifies the eccentric old man and often tries to demean Jerry with comparisons to his own purportedly successful son. He has a habit of grabbing the person with whom he is conversing by the arm. He always brags about his son, Jeffrey (who never makes an appearance on the show), who works for the NYC Parks Department. Uncle Leo has several appearances in seasons 2 through 9.
• Susan Ross (played by Heidi Swedberg)—George’s fiancée and a former NBC executive. She first appeared in season 4 as an NBC executive overseeing Jerry and George’s pilot. She and George dated for a while until she became a lesbian. She returned in season 7 when she and George got engaged, only to die in the season 7 finale from licking the poisonous glue off their cheap wedding invitation envelopes that George insisted they buy. She does not get along well with the others- a short-lived friendship with Elaine and Jerry ended when she found their mundane chatter annoying. Susan always disliked Kramer, not only because he threw up on her but because he left a smoldering cigar to ignite a stack of newspapers that burned down her father’s cabin. She is the most frequently recurring female character in seasons 4 and 7, and has a cameo role in the season 9 episode titled “The Betrayal“.
• George Steinbrenner (voiced by Larry David, portrayed by Lee Bear, who is only seen from behind)—He is George’s boss and owner of the New York Yankees. Steinbrenner’s face is never shown on the show. He is parodied for his arrogance and lack of touch with the realities of running of a baseball team. A recurring gag is for him to call George into his office, then proceed to ramble on about inane topics as George slowly walks out the door. Topics range from spicy mustard to bomb threats to calzones. In “The Invitations“, the real George Steinbrenner makes a cameo appearance and goes out with Elaine. The scenes were cut due to time constraints and are available on the season 7 DVD. He usually appears from the finale of season 5 to 9.
• Jacopo Peterman (played by John O’Hurley)—He is one of Elaine’s eccentric bosses. Peterman owns The J. Peterman Company and Elaine works on the catalog published by the company. Using the florid style of a treasure hunting adventurer, he typically announces his journeys to exotic locations in search of unique clothing. In the beginning of Season 8, he walks out on the company and escapes to Burma, appointing Elaine as the President of the company. He eventually returns later in the same season. He is usually seen making an appearance from the finale of season 6 to season 9.
• Kenny Bania (portrayed by Steve Hytner)—Bania is a fellow stand up comedian. Jerry hates Bania because he considers him annoying and a “hack“. Bania’s trademark “Hey Jerry!” is often treated by Jerry and his friends with annoyance and indifference. Kenny Bania appears in various episodes throughout seasons 6 through 9.
• David Puddy (portrayed by Patrick Warburton)—Puddy is Elaine’s on-again, off-again boyfriend. He is a competent auto mechanic, but also an airhead with numerous quirks, most notably his squinting, staring, and insatiable appetite for high fives. He calls himself a Christian and he is known for his short, unapologetic delivery and unflinching assuredness, such as when he delivers his catch phrase “Yeah, that’s right”. He is seen in seasons 6 and 9.
• Jackie Chiles (portrayed by Phil Morris)—Jackie is Kramer’s lawyer. He has a secretary named Suzy and sets up appointments for his clients with an unseen “Dr. Bison”. He also speaks with a rapid-fire delivery and tends to overuse grandiose adjectives like ‘preposterous’ and ‘outrageous’. Chiles is a caricature of the late Johnnie Cochran. He is seen occasionally in seasons 7 to 9.
• Justin Pitt (portrayed by Ian Abercrombie)—Usually referred to as “Mr. Pitt,” he was Elaine’s demanding boss during the sixth season. He hired her because she reminded him of Jackie Onassis. He makes his appearance throughout Season 6 as well as “The Finale“.
• Tim Whatley (played by Bryan Cranston)—Jerry’s dentist. Elaine accuses him of regifting in “The Label Maker“, and he converts to Judaism and begins to make Jewish jokes in “The Yada Yada“. He appears in Seasons 6, 8 and 9.

Notable guest appearances

See List of Seinfeld minor characters for a complete list of celebrities who played themselves and other guest stars in minor roles.

Besides its regularly recurring characters, Seinfeld featured numerous celebrities who appeared as themselves or as girlfriends, boyfriends, bosses and other acquaintances. Many of those who made guest appearances would become household names later in their careers, or were comedians and actors who were well-known for previous work.

Characteristics

Theme

Seinfeld violated several conventions of mainstream television. The show, which is often described as “about nothing“,^[9][10][11] became the first television series since Monty Python’s Flying Circus to be widely described as postmodern.^[12] Several elements of Seinfeld fit in with a postmodern interpretation. The show is typically driven by humor interspersed with superficial conflict and characters with strange dispositions. Many episodes revolved around the characters becoming involved in the lives of others to typically disastrous results. However, regardless of the damage they caused, they never gained anything from the experience and continued to be selfish, egocentric people. On the set, the notion that the characters should not develop or improve throughout the series was expressed as the “no hugging, no learning” rule. This quote is referenced in an episode (“The Secret Code“) where Kramer says to Jerry, “Well the important thing is, you learned something,” to which Jerry replies, “No I didn’t.” Unlike most sitcoms, there are no moments of pathos; the audience is never made to feel sorry for any of the characters. Even Susan’s death in the series elicits no genuine emotions from anyone in the show.

The characters were “thirty-something singles … with no roots, vague identities, and conscious indifference to morals”.^[13] Usual conventions, such as isolating the characters from the actors playing them and separating the characters’ world from that of the actors and audience, were broken. One such example is the story arc in which the characters promote a television sitcom series named Jerry. The show within the show, titled Jerry was much like Seinfeld, in which Seinfeld played himself, and that the show was “about nothing”. Jerry was launched in the Season 4 finale, but unlike Seinfeld, it was not picked up as a series.

Plotlines

Many Seinfeld episodes are based on its writers’ real life experiences. For example, “The Revenge” is based on Larry David’s experience at Saturday Night Live.^[14] “The Contest” and “The Phone Message” are also based on David’s experiences.^[15] “The Smelly Car” is based on Peter Mehlman’s lawyer friend, who couldn’t get a bad smell out of his car. “The Strike” is based on Dan O’Keefe’s dad, who made up his own holiday—Festivus.^[16] Other stories take on a variety of different turns. “The Chinese Restaurant” consists of the main characters simply waiting for a table throughout the entire episode. “The Boyfriend“, revolving around Keith Hernandez, extends through two episodes.^[17] “The Betrayal” is famous for using reverse chronology.^[18] Some stories were inspired by headlines and rumors, which are explained in the DVD features “Notes About Nothing,” “Inside Look,” and “Audio Commentary.” “The Maestro“, Kramer’s lawsuit is roughly similar to the McDonald’s coffee case.^[19] “The Outing” is based mainly on rumors that Larry Charles hears about Jerry Seinfeld’s sexuality.^[20]

Catchphrases

Many terms coined during the series’ run have become part of popular culture.^[21][22] Among the most notable: “Yada Yada Yada“, “shrinkage“, “master of your domain“, “No soup for you“, and “Not that there’s anything wrong with that“.

Other popular terms that also made the transition into slang were directed at secondary characters, including such descriptives as “re-gifter”, “mimbo”, “sidler”, “man hands”, “close-talker”, “low-talker”, and “high-talker”.

As a body, the lexicon of Seinfeldian code words and recurring phrases that evolved around particular episodes is referred to as Seinlanguage, the title of Jerry Seinfeld’s best-selling book on humor.^[12]

Progression

Seasons 1 to 3: The early years

The show premiered as The Seinfeld Chronicles on July 5, 1989. After it aired, a pickup by NBC did not seem likely and the show was actually offered to Fox, which declined to pick it up. However, Rick Ludwin, head of late night and special events for NBC, diverted money from his budget, and the next four episodes (“Male Unbonding“, “The Stake Out“, “The Robbery“, and “The Stock Tip“) were filmed.^[23] These episodes were highly-rated as they followed Cheers on Thursdays at 9:30 p.m., and the series was finally picked up. At one point, NBC considered airing these episodes on Saturdays at 10:30PM, but instead gave that slot to a short-lived sitcom, FM. The series was renamed Seinfeld after the failure of short-lived 1989 ABC series The Marshall Chronicles.^[24] After airing in the summer of 1990, the series’ second season was bumped off its scheduled premiere of January 21, 1991 due to the start of the Persian Gulf war. It settled in a regular time slot on Wednesdays at 9:30PM and eventually flipped with veteran series Night Court to 9:00PM.^[25]

Seinfeld was championed by television critics in its early seasons, even as it was yet to cultivate a substantial audience. Early episodes such as “The Chinese Restaurant“, “The Pony Remark“, “The Parking Garage“, and “The Subway“, tended to be more realistic than the later ones, and dealt with the minutiae of daily life, such as getting stuck on the subway or waiting to be seated at a Chinese restaurant. An episode in Season 2, titled “The Bet” written by Larry Charles, showed Elaine buying a gun from Kramer’s friend. This episode was, however, not filmed because the content was deemed unacceptable and was hastily replaced by the episode “The Phone Message“.^[26]

Seasons 4 to 5: Seinfeld’s prime

Season 4 marked the sitcom’s entry into the Nielsen Ratings Top 30, coinciding with several popular episodes, such as “The Bubble Boy“, “The Outing“, “The Airport“, and “The Junior Mint“. This was the first season to use a story arc, in which Jerry and George try to create their own sitcom, Jerry.

Much publicity followed the controversial episode, “The Contest“, an Emmy Award-winning episode written by co-creator Larry David, whose subject matter (masturbation) was considered inappropriate for primetime network television. To circumvent this taboo, the word “masturbation” was never used in the script itself, instead substituted by a variety of oblique references. Midway through that season Seinfeld was moved from its original 9 p.m. time slot on Wednesdays to 9:30 p.m. on Thursdays, following Cheers again, which gave the show even more popularity. NBC moved the series after Ted Danson had announced the end of Cheers and Seinfeld quickly surpassed the ratings of the 9:00 p.m. Cheers reruns that spring.^[27] The show won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1993, beating out its family-oriented competitor Home Improvement, which at the time was a big hit for NBC’s rival ABC.

Season 5 was also a ratings-hit as it consisted of many popular episodes such as “The Mango“, “The Puffy Shirt” starring Wendel Meldrum as the low talker, “The Lip Reader” with Marlee Matlin in the title role, “The Marine Biologist“, “The Hamptons“, and “The Opposite“. Another story arc has George returning to live with his parents. In the midst of the story arc, Kramer creates and promotes his coffee table book. The show was again nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series, but lost to the Cheers spin-off Frasier, which was only in its first season. Seinfeld was nominated for the same award every year for the rest of its run but would keep losing to Frasier.

[edit] Seasons 6 to 7: Maintaining the top

With Season 6, Andy Ackerman replaced Tom Cherones as the director of the show. Even so, the series remained well-regarded and produced some of its most famous episodes, such as “The Fusilli Jerry“, “The Chinese Woman“, “The Jimmy“, “The Face Painter“, and “The Switch“, when Kramer’s mother revealed that his first name is Cosmo. Story arcs used in this season were Elaine working as a personal assistant to her eccentric boss Justin Pitt as well as George’s parents’ temporary separation. This was also the first season in which Seinfeld reached Number 1 in the Nielsen Ratings.

In Season 7, a story arc involved George getting engaged to his former girlfriend, Susan Ross, whose last appearance was in Season 4. He spends most of the season regretting the engagement and trying to get out of it. Garnering its highest ratings yet, Seinfeld went on to produce some of its most famous episodes—namely “The Soup Nazi“, “The Secret Code“, “The Maestro“, and “The Rye” among others.

Following the anthrax scare of 2001, the episode, “The Invitations” was temporarily not shown in syndication due to the concern that it might seem objectionable and insensitive to portray Susan’s death due to licking toxic envelopes.^[28]

Seasons 8 to 9: Without Larry David

The show’s ratings were still going very strong in its final two seasons (8 and 9), but its critical standing suffered.^[29] Larry David left at the end of Season 7 (although he continued to voice Steinbrenner in Season 8), so Seinfeld assumed David’s duties as showrunner, and, under the direction of a new writing staff, Seinfeld became more of a fast-paced show. The show no longer contained extracts of Jerry performing stand up, and storylines occasionally delved into fantasy, an example being “The Bizarro Jerry“, when Elaine is torn between exact opposites of her friends or when Jerry dates a woman who has the now-famed “man hands”. Some notable episodes from season 8 include “The Little Kicks” showing Elaine’s horrible dancing, “The Yada Yada“, “The Chicken Roaster“, and “The Comeback“. A story arc in this season involves Peterman’s trip to Burma and Elaine writing Peterman’s biography which leads to Kramer’s parody of Kenny Kramer’s Reality Tour seen in “The Muffin Tops“.

Season 9 included episodes such as “The Merv Griffin Show“, “The Butter Shave“, “The Betrayal” (scenes shown in reverse order chronologically), and “The Finale“, which was co-written by Larry David. The last season included a story arc in which Elaine has an on/off relationship with David Puddy. Despite being offered to return for another season, Seinfeld decided to end the show after its ninth season.

A major controversy caused in this final season was the accidental burning of a Puerto Rican flag by Kramer in “The Puerto Rican Day“. This scene caused a furor in the Puerto Rican community, and as a result NBC showed this episode only once.^[30]

Series Finale

After nine years on the air, NBC and Jerry Seinfeld announced on December 26, 1997, that the series would end production the following spring in 1998. The announcement made the front page of all the major New York newspapers, including the New York Times. Jerry Seinfeld was even featured on the cover of Time magazine’s first issue of 1998.^[31]

The series ended with a 75-minute episode (cut down to 60 minutes in syndication, in two parts) written by co-creator and former executive producer Larry David, which aired on May 14, 1998. Before the finale, a one-hour retrospective clip show was aired which included memorable scenes from the show’s past nine seasons.

It was also the first episode since the finale of Season 7, “The Invitations“, to feature opening and closing stand-up comedy acts by Jerry Seinfeld. The finale was filmed in front of an audience of NBC executives and additional friends of the show. The press and the public were shut out of the filming for the sake of keeping its plot secret, and all those who attended the taping of the final episode signed written “vows of silence.”^[32] The secrecy only seemed to increase speculation on how the series would end. Various accounts suggested that Jerry and Elaine get married while more cynical fans favored Julia Louis-Dreyfus’ suggestion that the foursome die in a car accident. The producers of the show tweaked the media about the hype, spreading a false rumor about Newman ending up in the hospital and Jerry and Elaine sitting in a chapel, presumably to marry.^[33]

The episode aired on the same day that Frank Sinatra died^[34] and its airing may have been somewhat overshadowed by this event, but nonetheless it enjoyed a huge audience, estimated at 76 million viewers (58 percent of all viewers that night) making it the third most watched finale in television history, behind M*A*S*H and Cheers. However, the finale received mixed reviews from both critics and fans of the show. The actual finale poked fun at the many rumors that were circulating, seeming to move into several supposed plots before settling on its true storyline—a lengthy trial in which Jerry, George, Elaine and Kramer are prosecuted for violating a “Good Samaritan law” and are sentenced to jail. The last conversation in this final episode repeats the very first conversation from the pilot episode, discussing the positioning of a button on George’s shirt. In the finale, the characters vaguely recall having the conversation before.

According to Forbes magazine, Seinfeld’s annual earning from the show in 2004 was $267 million.^[35] He was reportedly offered $5 million per episode to continue the show into its tenth season but he refused.^[1] As of July 2007, he is still the second highest earner in the television industry, earning $60 million a year.^[36] The show itself became the first television series to command more than $1 million a minute for advertising–a mark previously attained only by the Super Bowl.^[37]

Awards and nominations

Seinfeld has received awards and nominations in various categories throughout the mid-90s. It was awarded the Emmy for “Outstanding Comedy series” in 1993, Golden Globe Award for “Best TV-Series (Comedy)” in 1994 and Screen Actors Guild Award for “Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series” in 1995, 1997 and 1998.^{[38][39][40][41]} Apart from these, the show was also nominated for an Emmy award from 1992 to 1998 for “Outstanding Comedy series”, Golden Globe award from 1994 to 1998 for “Best TV-Series (Comedy)”, and Screen Actors Guild Award for “Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series” from 1995 to 1998.^[42]

Ratings history

Note: These numbers represent the number of households rather than actual viewers.

The syndicated reruns of the program were regularly in the top 10 syndicated programs, and remains there as of 2009^[49]

After Seinfeld

The “Seinfeld curse”

Louis-Dreyfus, Alexander and Richards have each attempted to launch new sitcoms as title-role characters. Despite decent acclaim and even some respectable ratings, almost every show was canceled quickly, usually within the first season. This gave rise to the term Seinfeld curse: the failure of a sitcom starring one of the three, despite the conventional wisdom that each person’s Seinfeld popularity should almost guarantee a strong, built-in audience for the actor’s new show. Shows specifically cited regarding the Seinfeld curse are Julia Louis-Dreyfus’ Watching Ellie, Jason Alexander’s Bob Patterson and Listen Up!, and Michael Richards’ The Michael Richards Show. Larry David once said of the curse, “It’s so completely idiotic… It’s very hard to have a successful sitcom.”^[50]

This phenomenon was mocked in Larry David’s hit HBO show Curb Your Enthusiasm, in which Larry David brings up the idea to Jason Alexander that he should do a show about Alexander’s inability to shake the ‘George’ title in order to move on with his career. When David and Alexander begin feuding in the show over the location of meetings, Larry David takes the idea to Julia Louis-Dreyfus. They plan to work on a show called Aren’t You Evelyn? but Larry David blows their chances with every network they meet, causing Julia to bow out of the idea.^[51]

In November 2006, controversy arose concerning racial epithets Michael Richards shouted at a group of black hecklers during a live comedy club performance in Los Angeles.^[52] He apologized for his statements a few days later during an impromptu appearance via teleconference on The Late Show with David Letterman, which Jerry Seinfeld had arranged to take place during his interview segment.^[53]

However, the Emmy award winning success of Julia Louis-Dreyfus in the CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine has led many to believe that she has broken the curse.^[54] In her acceptance speech, Louis-Dreyfus held up her award and exclaimed, “I’m not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!”^[55] With Louis-Dreyfus playing Christine, the show has been on the air for four seasons with above-average ratings as of 2008.

Another scene

On the November 1, 2007, episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Jerry Seinfeld mentioned the possibility of filming one last scene, after they leave prison. He mentioned he is far too busy to do it now, but did not announce what the scene would entail as it is still a possibility they will do it.^[56] In commentary from the final season DVD, Jerry Seinfeld outlines that he and Jason Alexander spoke about this scene being in Monks Coffee Shop, with George saying “That was brutal” in reference to the four’s stint in jail.^[57]

Consumer products

A recurring feature of Seinfeld was its use of specific products, especially candy, as plot points. These might be a central feature of a plot (e.g. Junior Mints, Twix, Jujyfruits, Snickers, Nestlé Chunky, Oh Henry! and Pez), or an association of a candy with a guest character (e.g. Oh Henry! bars), or simply a conversational aside (e.g. Chuckles, Twinkies).

Non-candy products featured in Seinfeld include Rold Gold pretzels (whose advertisements at the time featured Jason Alexander), Kenny Rogers Roasters (a chicken restaurant chain), Oreo Cookies, Ben & Jerry’s, H&H Bagels, Baskin Robbins, Dockers, Drake’s Coffee Cakes, Ring Dings, Pepsi, Mello Yello, Snapple, Bosco Chocolate Syrup, Cadillac, Saab, Ford Escort, Tyler Chicken (a parody of Tyson Chicken), Specialized Bicycles, BMW, Volvo, Toyota, Tupperware, Calvin Klein, Klein Bicycles, Ovaltine, Arby’s, TV Guide, Trump Tower, the board games Risk, Boggle, Trivial Pursuit, Clearly Canadian, Scrabble, and Battleship, Entenmann’s and the J. Peterman clothing catalog.

The computers shown in Jerry’s apartment are Apple Macintosh and several different models were shown, although Jerry only uses his computer once (onscreen) during the entire show. Also seen throughout the show’s run were many different brands of cereal. A notable exception to this pattern is the use of a fictional scotch brand called “Hennigan’s”. One product placement, for Snapple, was inserted as a parody of product placement; when offered some by Elaine in the middle of a conversation, the character Babu Bhatt’s (owner of a Pakistani restaurant named as “Dream Cafe”) brother declines, calling the drink “too fruity”.

The show’s creators claim that they were not engaging in a product placement strategy for commercial gain. One of the motivations for the use of real-world products, quite unrelated to commercial considerations, is the comedy value of funny-sounding phrases and words. “I knew I wanted Kramer to think of watching the operation like going to see a movie,” explained Seinfeld writer/producer Andy Robin in an interview published in the Hollywood Reporter. “At first, I thought maybe a piece of popcorn falls into the patient. I ran that by my brother, and he said, ‘No, Junior Mints are just funnier.’”^[58]

Many advertisers capitalized on the popularity of Seinfeld. American Express created a webisode in which Jerry Seinfeld and an animated Superman (voiced by Patrick Warburton, who played the role of David Puddy) starred in its commercial. Another advertisement featured Jason Alexander in a Chrysler commercial. In this, Alexander behaves much like his character George, and his relationship with Lee Iacocca plays on his George’s relationship with George Steinbrenner. Similarly, Michael Richards was the focus of a series of advertisements for Vodafone which ran in Australia where he dressed and behaved exactly like Kramer, including the trademark bumbling pratfalls.

Seinfeld in HD

The cable superstation TBS has recently begun airing Seinfeld in true high-definition, rather than stretching the traditional episodes originally broadcast in standard-definition. As Seinfeld was filmed in 35 mm film with Panavision cameras, each episode was cropped for standard television broadcast in the 1990s. To achieve 16:9 format Sony Pictures has included extra area from the 35 mm film on the left and right that was not included in the original 4:3 cuts of the 1990s, but also cropped out top and bottom parts of the original 4:3 picture.^[59] Amazon.com lists season 1 of Seinfeld in Blu-ray, though no release date has been announced.^[60]

Media

DVD releases

Main article: Seinfeld DVD releases

Between 2004 and 2007, each season of Seinfeld was released on DVD.^[61] On November 6, 2007, “Seinfeld: The Complete Series” was released on DVD. The final season and the complete series set included a 2007 reunion of the four main cast members and Larry David.

Music

A signature of Seinfeld is its theme music. Composed by Jonathan Wolff, it consists of distinct solo sampled bass guitar riffs which open the show and connect the scenes, often accompanied by a “percussion track” composed of mouth noises, such as pops and clicks. The slap bass music eventually replaced the original standard sitcom music by Jep Epstein when it was played again after the first broadcast “The Seinfeld Chronicles“.

Seinfeld lacked a traditional title track and the riffs were played over the first moments of dialogue or action. They vary throughout each episode and are played in an improvised funk style with slap bass. An additional musical theme with an ensemble, led by a synthesized mid-range brass instrument, ends each episode.

In “The Note,” the first episode of Season Three, the bumper music featured a scatting female jazz vocalist who sang a phrase that sounded like “easy to beat.” Jerry Seinfeld and executive producer Larry David both liked Wolff’s additions, and three episodes were produced with the new style music. However, they had neglected to inform NBC and Castle Rock of the change, and when the season premiere aired, they were surprised and unimpressed, and requested that they return to the original style. The subsequent two episodes were redone, leaving this episode as the only one with the additional music elements.^[62] In the commentary of The Note, Julia Louis-Dreyfus facetiously suggests it was removed because the perceived lyric related too closely to the low ratings at the time.^[63]

In the final three seasons (7, 8, and 9), the bits were tweaked slightly to give them more frenetic rhythms and the occasional hint of guitar. Throughout the show, the main theme could be re-styled in different ways depending on the episode. For instance, in “The Betrayal,” in which part of the episode takes place in India, the theme is heard played on a sitar.

Non-original music featured in the show:

See also

• Must See TV
• List of Seinfeld episodes
• List of Seinfeld fictional films

References

General references

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Seinfeld

• Seinfeld.com, the Official Site from Sony Pictures Television
• Wikia has a wiki on this subject at Seinfeld
• Seinfeld at the Internet Movie Database
• Seinfeld at TV.com

Øystein Olaf Sunde
Født		24. januar 1947 (62 år) i Oslo
Yrke		Artist, låtskriver, musiker
Sjanger		Viser
Instrument		Gitar, sang, banjo
Plateselskap		Spinner
Nettsted		spinner.no sunderfundigheter.com

Øystein Olaf Sunde (født 24. januar 1947 i Oslo) er en norsk artist kjent for sitt raske gitarspill og sine humoristiske tekster. Gift med Gudrun Grydeland i 1975. To barn: Turid (født 1982) og Torbjørn (født 1983).

Biografi

Familien Sunde flyttet tidlig til Skarnes, men flyttet tilbake til Lambertseter i Oslo i 1955. Etter hvert ble Øystein Sunde en del av musikkmiljøet i hovedstaden, og frekventerte Viseklubben Dolphin sammen med talenter som Kari Svendsen, Lillebjørn Nilsen, Ole Paus, Finn Kalvik og Hege Tunaal. Han har spilt i band som Hitch-Hikers, Hi-Five, Christiania Fusel & Blaagress og Gitarkameratene, og han har deltatt i revyer, men er mest kjent som soloartist. Mange av tekstene omhandler hverdagslige ting fra hans eget liv som bleieskift og modellfly. Han har selv uttalt at han ikke klarer å lage sanger uten komisk innslag. Uttrykk som «kjekt å ha», «gåsemor», «mor’n du!», «folk til slikt» og «du må’kke komme her og komme her» har gått inn i norsk dagligtale, og en Aftenposten-journalist fikk en gang påpakning for å ha brukt «smi mens liket er varmt» uten hermetegn.

Som «En mester med ord og musikalsk til tusen», har Andreas Diesen beskrevet Sunde. «Når man skal beskrive Øystein Sunde, kan vel jeg sitere André Bjerke som en gang sa om seg selv at han ‘bedrev ord’. Sunde raljerer like gjerne om den tyske bobilen på norske veier, som håndverkere på sitt aller verste – alt med like innful ironi.»

Øystein Sunde er den eneste som har fått utmerkelsen Årets spellemann to ganger: under Spellemannprisen 1989 og Spellemannprisen 1994. I tillegg fikk Gitarkameratene samme prisen under Spellemannprisen 1990. Under 1989-utdelingen vant han i tillegg klassen underholdning for albumet Kjekt å ha.

Sunde er bluegrassentusiast. Han har beriket det norske språk med en rekke munnhell som har blitt en del av dagligtalen vår. Sunde har solgt over 1,1 millioner plater. Han har satt opp en rekke show^[1].

I 1976 flyttet Øystein Sunde tilbake til Skarnes sammen med sin kone, hvor han kan holde på med sine hobbyprosjekter, som modellfly, bilbane og hagegolf.

3. september 2008 reiste Sunde på turné med showet Sånn Er’e Bare.

Priser og utmerkelser

• Gammleng-prisen i klassen vise i 1983
• Årets verk (tekst) fra NOPA for «Smi mens liket er varmt» i 1989
• Årets spellemann under Spellemannprisen 1989
• Spellemannprisen 1989 i klassen underholdning for albumet Kjekt å ha
• Årets spellemann under Spellemannprisen 1994
• Språklig samlings litteraturpris i 1995
• Tekstforfatterfondets ærespris i 1998
• Leonardstatuetten fra Norsk revyforfatterforening i 1998
• Alf Prøysens Ærespris i 2000
• Edvard-prisen i klassen tekst til musikk for sangen «Folk til slikt» i 2000
• Leif Justers ærespris i 2007

[rediger] Utgivelser

Under eget navn

• 1001 fnatt (1970)
• Det året det var så bratt (1971)
• Sunderfundigheter (1973) (svenskspråklig)
• Ikke bare tyll (1974)
• Klå (1974) (instrumental-LP)
• Hurtbuller i hvit saus (1975) (norskspråklig, men beregnet på det svenske markedet)
• På sangens vinger (1976)
• Øystein Sundes beste (1977) (samlealbum)
• Hærtata hørt (1979)
• Barkebille boogie (1981)
• I husbukkens tegn (1984)
• Øystein Sunde i boks (1985) (samlealbum)
• Overbuljongterningpakkmesterassistent (1986)
• Kjekt å ha (1989) (Årets Spellemann/Spellemannsprisen for Åpen Klasse)
• Øystein Sundes 40 beste (1990) (dobbelt samlealbum)
• Du må’kke komme her og komme her (1994) (GTXCD 2014) (Årets Spellemann)
• Nå er begeret nådd (1999) (GTXCD 2015)
• Sånn er’e bare (2005) (SRXCD 2016)
• Sundes verden – 26 av de aller beste (2006) (samlealbum) (SRXCD 2017)
• Sundes verden – 52 av de aller beste (2006) (dobbelt samlealbum) (SRXCD 2017-1/2018)
• Meget i sløyd (2008) (SRXCD 2019)

Sammen med andre

• Viser i trengsel (Med diverse artister) (Prod. 1968, utgitt: 1972. Reutgivelse på CD: 2008)
• Som varmt hvetebrød i tørt gress (med Christiania Fusel & Blaagress) (1972. Reutgivelse på CD: 1993)
• Gitarkameratene (1989)
• Typisk norsk (med Gitarkameratene) (1990)
• Gull i fra grønne skoger – Vidar Sandbeck i ord og toner (med Gitarkameratene/Solo) (2004)

Bøker med tekst og noter til egne sanger

• Viser uten slips (1972)
• Kjekt å ha–1 (1990)
• Kjekkere å ha–2 (1992)
• Du må’kke komme her og komme her (1997)
• Sånn er’e bare (2005)

Litteratur

• Terje Mosnes: Visehumoristen Øystein Sunde. Fasiten 72. Ungdommens egen bok. P.F. Steensballes Boghandels Eftg. Bj. Reenskaug. Oslo 1972.

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

• Spinner Records og Øystein Sundes egne hjemmesider
• Fan-side med låt-informasjon og diskografier
• Omtale i Norsk pop- og rockleksikon fra 2005
• Kulturo.no – Anmeldelse av “Meget i sløyd”